【潘小慧】荀學視域中的一包養行情“全國”和“國（家）”

Keywords: Xunzi/National/National (Family)/Emperor

Xunzi was in an era of constant and high-profile war. In that era, the pursuit of political order, such as political peace and national prosperity, was almost a broad concern, and Xunzi is not an exception. As a Confucian scholar in the late warring era, Xunzi not only focused on the “inner sage” of Confucianism’s traditional self-cultivation, but also concerned about the “outside king” of the family, governing the country, and pacifying the whole country.

The whole book of “Xunzi” has appeared as high as 371 times. ① The so-called “national” literally means “under the world” ② “in the world” ③. In ancient times, it mostly refers to all the lands of China, that is, the whole of China; even according to the world view of some people at that time, it can also refer to the whole world. The whole book of “Xunzi” shows the high word “country”It has reached 340 times, and “country” has been used 21 times; there are no differences in meanings between “country” and “country” and “country” are actually the simple name of “country”, and “country (country)” importantly refer to the marquis. This article discusses the “national” and “national (family)” in the Xunxue field.

1. Comparison between “national” and “national (family)”

The concepts used in “national” are mostly “one” or “one” in the word, which expresses “uniformity” or perhaps “governance” and “management”. So I saw the words “one country” or “one country” ④ “one country” ⑤ “govern the country” ⑥ and other words. The concepts used in “country (family)” are mostly “governance”, such as “governance” ⑦ or “governance” ⑧. Sometimes they also say “using the country” ⑨ “for the country” ⑩”. These are all similar to “governance the country”, but the concepts used in “country (family)” will not be “one” (or “one”), which is the difference between it and “one country”. This explains that only “the whole country” has a unified problem, and both “the whole country” and “the whole country” have management problems. This also confesses that the whole country and the country are areas that Xunzi’s political philosophy are concerned about, and the unity of the country, the management of the country and the management of the country are important topics that Xunzi’s political philosophy is concerned about.

The scope of “national” has been around for many years? Xunzi didn’t say it clearly, but he had a clear distinction between “national” and “national (family)”. “The Book of Justice” says:

The country is a small tool, which can be possessed by a gentleman, which can be obtained by a great way, which can be held with a small force; the whole country is a big tool, which cannot be achieved by a gentleman, which cannot be achieved by a great way. The little cat seems a little dissatisfied when it is handed over, and it has been mourned for two sounds. It is not possible to hold it with small force. A gentleman can have it, but it may not be destroyed; a whole country is the greatest, and nothing can be found by a saint.

This paragraph of text expresses that “national” and “national (family)” are different, and the two have similar dungs. “national (family)” is similar to the “large gadgets” of “national” and are just “small gadgets”. This is obviously a detail of the space and ground, even the discussion of geese and resources. Because “country (family)” is a “small tool”, it can be held by a “gentleman”, it can be obtained by a “big way”, and it can be grasped by a “small force”. Pay attention to Xunzi’s word “can” means that this is a low standard, and “national” is not the case. The leader of the “country (family)” is an ordinary person with ordinary talent and moral integrity, or even a “gentleman”. Although the “gentleman” has the opportunity and qualifications to govern the country, his talent and moral integrity are still mediocre, so it does not guarantee that the country will not die. However, only the leader of the “national” is enough to be a “saint”. We understand that the Confucian concept of “national” sometimes refers to “a unified world” and sometimes refers to “Huaxia”, which is what is now called “civilization”. According to current understanding, politics is not only for the governance of the affairs of the people, but also for the “national” and the “country” can also be included. Therefore, in terms of broad meaning, Xunzi’s political philosophy not only focuses on the “national”, also suitable for “country”, and also refers to the social country as the ancients called. But Xunzi’s political philosophy refers to the “national” and in the present term, it can be a “fantasy country”.

Xunzi is good at long-term analysis, especially at rating people. In “Greetings and Disgraces”, Xunzi divided people into sixth grades, and each “has some reason to take them” based on the differences in virtues, talents and expressions of these sixth grades. He said:

The generation of people is easy to approach, and there is a reason for the emperor to take the whole country: the will lead to cultivation, the virtue is strong, and the wisdom is clear. When the government is in charge of laws and regulations, the hearing of the Duke will be heard, and the emperor will be able to save the emperor’s orders and the inferior will be able to protect the country. This is why the marquis took the country… It is why the scholars and officials took the land… It is why the officials and officials took the job… It is why the common people took the hot clothes and food, and lived for a long time to avoid punishment and killing… It is why the treacherous people were punished for danger and humiliation.

Therefore, the sixth grade of people have their own characteristics and the objects of taking (taking, gain), “the emperor took the whole country”, “the reason why the marquis took the country”, “the great scholars keep a month’s price why the husband took the land, “the reason why the officials and officials took the job”, “the reason why the common people took the hot clothes and food, and lived for a long time to avoid punishment and killing”, “the reason why the traitors were punished with humiliation and death”. In other words, what kind of things are worth owning or gaining for a long time. The highest-level people “realize their will, have strong virtues, and have clear wisdom.” Only the “emperor” can have such talent and virtue, so that they can win the whole country. The second-class person “when he was in charge of government and laws, he could hear the Duke, and the emperor could save the emperor’s orders and the subordinates could protect the occurrence.” This is why he chose the country.

In “The Rich Country”, TC: